flavicollis

16. Ssp. flavicollis (Druce, 1873)⁵⁾ [♂, ♀]

= gardineri Fruhstorfer, 1902¹¹⁾ [♂] (➡euthydemus, actinotia)

= kottovae Dufek, Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2006⁶⁾ [♂, ♀] (Banggi Is.)

(Distribution) [Map 87]

1. MALAYSIA (Kalimantan=Borneo) [Sabah] Banggi Is., Poring, Mamut Mine, Ranau, Inanam, Crocker Range (Keningau, Tenom), Sandakan, Tawau; [Sarawak] Merapok, Lawas, INDONESIA [N. Kalimantan] Lumbis.

(Episodes of discovery and original description)

It was first described by De Haan (1840), but the nomenclature was given by Druce (1873). It was described from a specimen of 35♂♂7♀♀ in the shared collection with Salvin, which Lowe collected in Borneo in 1867, 1869, and 1872. Note that “flavicollis” means “yellow-necked”.

(Characteristics)

A subspecies distributed in the northern area of Kalimantan (=Borneo) Island. Local and individual variations are seen in the size of FW vein-stripes, in particular female FWs of northern area are whitened, reminding us of a different species. The color of neck is also variable, with many individuals being yellow rather than red as in other subspecies.

(Spotted pattern)

♂: This subspecies has the most well-developed vein-stripes of FW among the other subspecies, except for nominotypical ssp. from Java. The cell-spot is bright yellow, but the vein-stripes gradually becomes whitish towards the outer margin. On HW, the black marginal border is narrow and black marginal projections are also small, so semi-translucent area is wide and vivid. The color of neck is always red in all other subspecies, but it is mostly yellow in this subspecies (some individuals are red, brown, or black).

♀: The vein-stripes on FW tend to be more extensively whitened in the more northerly subspecies (some individuals are almost completely whitened). Therefore, when comparing the extremes, they seem to be different species. The dark discal spots on HW are large and fuse together, extending towards cell side, resulting in small yellow area.

(Variation)

1. (♂, ♀) nigricollis Fruhstorfer, 1898¹⁰⁾: [Neck discoloration] The neck is black instead of the usual red.
2. (♂, ♀) bruneicollis Fruhstorfer, 1898¹⁰⁾ (=birmeicollis Fruhstorfer, 1902¹¹⁾): [Neck discoloration] The neck with brown hair tufts.

♀-f. flavicollis (Druce, 1873)⁵⁾: [Aberrant FW pattern] Common form in which FWs are not whitened.

♀-f. olympia (Honrath, 1891)¹⁹⁾: [Aberrant FW pattern] Extreme form of whitening with creamy gray vein-stripes spreading over the entire FW.

♀-f. arasada (Fruhstorfer, 1911)¹³⁾: [Aberrant HW pattern] Dark discal spots large and fused with each other, in addition completely fused with outer black marginal border, except for subcostal space, spaces 6 and 5. Melanic form.